I know my response is late, but I read your post and my heart goes out to you. I have a really hard time when my husband and I do not agree over certain issues. I am glad to hear that divorce is not an option. It is not for us either. "Love and Respect" was really helpful for me (there is a book and a seminar - the seminar is great). The premise is that most women primarily need love, while men primarily need respect (that is, in essence, how they feel "loved"). I am always trying to think of ways to express admiration, gratitude, and respect to my husband (even if I am really irritated or mad at him). So when we need to talk about an issue and come to some kind of agreement, I spend a great deal of time thinking about how to approach it in a way that will not make him feel as though I do not respect him, or that I am challenging his leadership. Someone once gave me great advice when I was a teacher. If I had to speak to a parent about a misbehaving student, I should "sandwich" the negative issue. Say something good about the student first, then the problem, then something good again. I try to do that with my husband too. Say something encouraging and uplifting first, then bring up the problem, then say something complementary again. As an example, it could look something like this, "I really respect and appreciate the way you love our daughter and want to protect her. Sometimes I feel that the protectiveness is a little overboard and you are such a wonderful father that I know you want what is best for her." Then go on from there. I also try not to "label" or make my husband feel attacked. Such as saying "the protectiveness is a little overboard" rather than saying, "you are being overprotective." That seems to help keep the focus on the issue, not making him feel that I am attacking his character. Those are the words that come to my mind, but you will know best how to communicate with your husband.
Expressing respect for my husband really goes a long way with him. Even if we disagree on something (and I may not feel a lot of respect for him), when he feels that I admire him and respect him as a leader, it seems to help him to relax, like he doesn't have to "prove" himself, and we can actually dialogue and sometimes even compromise. And I end up respecting him even more. We recently had to discuss an issue that we disagree on, regarding our children. And he is deployed so effective communication is 10 times harder for us than it is face-to-face. On this particular issue, I really felt he was wrong and I wanted him to back off and let me deal with it my way, and I was not feeling much respect. But I very carefully thought about how I would approach this. My husband is a great problem solver, so I complimented him on that and expressed other things about him that I appreciate and admire, and I presented this issue as a problem that I needed his help in solving. I was completely blown away by his response and the outcome. I never told him that I wanted him to back off and let me handle it my way (which was what I wanted) but that would have come across as completely disrespectful and a challenge to his authority. But in his solution to the problem, he felt it was best that I simply handle things as I thought best. I also found out that this particular issue really hit a "vulnerable" spot for him and he really opened up to me about that. It turned out to be the type of communicating that made me feel so much closer to him and helped me understand him better and where he is coming from. It turned out that the issue was deeper than I thought it was and it was a great moment of communication for us. (And I was soooo stressed about bringing it up - it had been a long-time disasgreement).
As a side note, my husband also grew up without a father and I think that may sometimes lead to a tendency to overcompensate. But he is a great father to our children and I always try to focus on that.
When it comes to expressing respect when I don't "feel" it, sometimes I think I am just being fake. But I have come to view it differently. There are times that I am really tired, frustrated, etc. and I do not feel like preparing food for my children, or taking them outside so they can play, or bathing them when they are dirty, or brushing their teeth at night, but I do it anyway because that is what they need. I may not "feel" much respect for my husband at any given time, but I express respect to him anyway because that is what he needs.
I hope this helps a little and I really hope you find a way to settle this issue so you can have some peace.:)